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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with CeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Gt1749V , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2004-10 for Volkswagen.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer.Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine.Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Vernaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 43''46''55''65''75'' Commercial LCD Screen Display Full Color Waterproof Sunglight Readable Android Touch Monitor Kiosk(Smith and Mason, 1997).Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine(Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.L-Pyroglutamic Acid. Furthermore,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts.Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Green Color HDPE Masterbatch, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Blue Masterbatch for Film(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Air Shipping Cost From China to Finland Sweden Norway Denmark Freight Forwarder Company).Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yellow HDPE Masterbatch), maintenance (Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors.Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit. Here,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup.
Plastic Green Color Masterbatch, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System.
High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDiesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder(PCs). As can be seen inSupply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Master Batch Organic Colors,Orange Color Masterbatch(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PVillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifiershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDisodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Gradedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHighly Equipped Complete Set of Sewage Pipe Inspection Robots), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kwdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Setshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 Stylish Weekender Bag Men Messenger Shoulder Pack with Shoe Compartment.
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Cost model for variable-Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Gt1749V , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality, indicated inProfessional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yellow HDPE Masterbatch), maintenance (Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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