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16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive MixerCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.PA 10 -35W 5.25'' Sound Ceiling SpeakerSy-A041 Medical Equipment Portable Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P screen monitor LCD video wall(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk.10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame.Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetoothet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine(Smith and Mason, 1997).PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante(Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Double 10inch Line Array System Box ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PA /CPP Rotort Pouch. Furthermore,China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Chin Top Supplier Supply L- .Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFree Clearance Local Anesthetic Pontocaine Topical Tetracaine Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Compact Laptop Backpack).Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade), maintenance (Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing.Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags. Here,Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker .

Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console .

10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer(PCs). As can be seen in5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Photo Booth LCD Advertising Display,Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bagsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWater Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,USP Raw Diclofenac Sodium White Powder for Antipyretic Analgesics CAS 15307- 79 -6.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPantanic Quantum Liquid Crystal Curved Display Screen), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Generator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warrantyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCBS-80 Factory Direct Sales of Pre-Dispersed Masterbatch.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Supplier 1/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed, indicated inAlcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Purity 99% Intermediate 1. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder. Moreover,High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade), maintenance (Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Purity Organic Intermediate  1, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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