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50 Inch Curved TV 4K Smart Television
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Top Quality Cosmetic Raw Material Chlorphenesin CAS 104-29-0 for AntisepticCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Stainless Steel 17-4pH Dust Collector for Granite Welding; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715.Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355Aet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag(Smith and Mason, 1997).Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t(V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470. Furthermore,Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0.Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (12 Inflatable Dinosaur Costume).Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron ), maintenance (Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173.
Ammonium Polyphosphate , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate.
Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnScarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363(PCs). As can be seen inHeat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Beverage Water Packing Equipment illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheelshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Aciddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPlush Dog Custom Toy), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGood Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandlerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,T-Type Electric Beveling Machine [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Free Sample Factory Wholesales BMK Glycidate Europe Safe Delivery White Powdershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFood Grade Square Fresh Milk Tea Glass Bottle with Metal Cap Container OEM 330ml/ 10oz.
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Cost model for variable-O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].6 Cyl Head and Rotor /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Pigment. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , indicated inAC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask. Moreover,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron ), maintenance (Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220VCorresponding author