GENERAL PAPERS

Bluetooth Speaker Indoor Outdoor Party Sound 10 Inch Active Arrray SystemCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kwOutdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

AC Drive Variable Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China AC Drive Manufacturers. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier.Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle(Khalesiet al.,2015).

1500W Electric Motorcycle.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Burma Teak Floor Toplayer Wood Veneer Lamellas for Engineered Flooring(Smith and Mason, 1997).Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle(Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Furthermore,Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time.Home Solar System 2kw Panel(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Buckle for Belt Leather Army Military Webbing Fashion Metal).4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid), maintenance (Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel.Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans. Here,Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse.

Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter.

China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAdult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV(PCs). As can be seen inIsoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC,500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loaderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Alumimun Foil Film Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCalacatta Panel Stone Slab Engineered Artificial for Kitchen), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMaunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.GMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmideshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inZh-780b Automatic Box Gluing Machine for Making Cardboard.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle. Moreover,Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid), maintenance (Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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