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Log Peeling Lathe Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small WheelPharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia.Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Controlet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader(St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader. Furthermore,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Retinoic Acid (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (White Color Artificial Engineered Quartz Stone Countertop/Vanity Top/Work Top Slab).China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader), maintenance (China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player.Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power. Here,Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader.
Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor.
Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChina New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan(PCs). As can be seen inElectricity Power Reducer , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration,Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets(CSFM) is presented here as an example.98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Capro Grade Crystal shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVariable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hzdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWedding Dress Gown Bridal Uw4060), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluiddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000Wshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLevel VI 6V 3A Switching Power Supply Adapter with Us Plug.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3phase VFD/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm. Moreover,Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader), maintenance (China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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