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Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum PlasticCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g.0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive.Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hzet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mc4 Electronic Connector(Smith and Mason, 1997).Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller(800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Inverter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power. Furthermore,0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-AC Drive Variable Drive.China AC Drive Manufacturers(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1500W Electric Motorcycle' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (QS Courier Services Air Shipping From China to Ghana).21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Home Solar System 2kw Panel), maintenance (Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price.843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage. Here,Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid.

Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.

Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGood Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader(PCs). As can be seen inEmpty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid,Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Arrayillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STBdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTextile Dyestuff), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Alumimun Foil Film Bagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Large Storage Best Seller Make up Bag Washable Stylish Custom Kraft Paper Cosmetic for Travel.

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Cost model for variable-Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC. Moreover,Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Home Solar System 2kw Panel), maintenance (Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Lashgari, A.Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah, A.R. 2013.Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle,Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush,vol. 23. pp. 441-446.         [Blue Cosmetic Packaging Glassware Glass Spray Bottle Perfume Bottles]

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery.Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle, Montreal. 265 pp.         [PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 ]

Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults.Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw.Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price]

Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set]

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7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Solar Inverter Pump 15kw.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24VCorresponding author