GENERAL PAPERS

CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 CylindersCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate .Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator (Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507(16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105. Furthermore,Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSolvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Stainless Steel 17-4pH (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (72W Two Hands Portable Dest UV LED Curing Nail Polish Gel Lamp Cordless).Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690), maintenance (Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine.Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470.

Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset.

Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnL18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub(PCs). As can be seen in0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine,American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China(CSFM) is presented here as an example.L-Pyroglutamic Acidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Canshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From Chinademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inManufacturer Remove Wraps UV Gel Polish Remover), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw onshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCyclist Hiking Equipment Mountain Water Bladder Drinking Bag Hydration Backpack.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade. Moreover,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690), maintenance (Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ammonium Polyphosphate , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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