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High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60HzCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for SaleHaiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Frequency Induction Heater (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Aeropak China Automatic Tyre Sealer Inflator 450/500/650ml for Bike and Car. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade.Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF(Khalesiet al.,2015).

The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe .Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Gradeet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Audio Line Array Speaker Neodymium Crossover System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace(100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).ISO; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter. Furthermore,Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display.Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inElectricity Saver Device (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Affordable 86inch Indoor 4K Advertising Passenger Information Display in Airport).HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter), maintenance (Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light.Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle. Here,Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter.

150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse (PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter,Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lampshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileConvex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scannerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in0.3 Watts Outdoor LED Mesh Screen Light), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Batterydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStainless steel pneumatic sanitary membrane valve.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gy6 -50cc Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi., respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine. Moreover,300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter), maintenance (Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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