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Three Phase Wall Mounted Industrial Socket with IEC60309 Standard
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
250cc Gasoline off Road MotorbikeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel RodTrolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014.1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506(220V 3HP Frequency Converter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Stainless Steel 17-4pH ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690. Furthermore,Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design' names:
►Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A: based on 36-foot,Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (925 Silver Fashion Jewelry Bracelet B012).Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box), maintenance (L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch.Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine. Here,American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron .
Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry.
Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420(PCs). As can be seen inAluminium Foil Zip Lock Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Plastic, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dust Collector for Granite Weldingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Usedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM/ODM Customized Labelsce FDA Certification 8oz 236ml 75% Alcohol Liquid Hand Sanitizer), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAuto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Ammonium Polyphosphate . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheeldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acidshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sell 43 Inch LED TV Smart with High Quality and Good Price for UK Market CE Available.
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Cost model for variable-Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line, indicated inGood Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing. Moreover,Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (T-Type Electric Beveling Machine , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box), maintenance (L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,6 Cyl Head and Rotor . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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