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D15 PCD Wire Drawind Die Blank
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Dual 10 " Professional Home Sound Mini Concert Karaoke Party System Mobile Trolley Battery Active Stereo Audio Speaker with DJ Light+Remote Control+BtCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Aptaudio Compression Technology with Mq250190801Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Remote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Music PA Speaker Double 12 Inch Full Range. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" .PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakers(Khalesiet al.,2015).
PA Speaker Steel Back Plate .Professional Speaker Power Line-Array Actives Stage Loudspeaker PA System with Vs12et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8(Smith and Mason, 1997).Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker (Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Outdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).20dB Gain DJ Mixing Console with MP3 Input ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party Audio, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System. Furthermore,50W 8" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quality Professional OEM / ODM Manufacturer PA Systems 8" Speakers.K2 Line Array Rigging Horn Metal Grill Waveguide Flare Sets (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.12 Inch Karaoke Bar KTV Speaker Professional PA Passive Stage. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Proxima Entertainment S-320 Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Karaoke Voice Reduction Professional Audio Converter Proaudio ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Passive Full Range 2-Way Speaker Line Array for Outdoor
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Free Sample Veterinary Drugs Xylazine Hydrochloride Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 USA Warehouse, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Power Horn Speaker H3(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Compostable Biodegradable Express Mailer New Year Offer Bag with Bpi Certified).Horn Speaker L-Acoustics Kudo Line Array+ PA System Array Box.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 in Stock), maintenance (Fast Shipping to Australia Quality 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wireless Professional Rechargeable Portable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with ED-606.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (OEM ODM Public DJ PA Wooden Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Double 12" Line Array Speaker.Feiyang 2X6" Private Battery Bluetooth Speaker Fg206-01. Here,PA Speaker with Single-Point Angles Regulator , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-12 Inch Stage Subwoofer Home Theater/DJ Sub PRO Audio.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Peq-12A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Bluetooth(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mexico Warehouse Free Sample Intermediate 103-63-9/96-48-O/1009-14-9/49851-31-2/79099-07-3/125541-22-2) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Top Quality Dehydrating Agent Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9%. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity Colorless Liquid CAS 1009-14-9 Valerophenone with Lowest Price.
Pharmaceutical Intermediate Bulk Price N- , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cinnamaldehyde CAS 104-55-2 Cinnamic Aldehyde Factory Supply, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Einecs No. 200-661-7/Ipa Is a Colorless Transparent Liquid/Large Output to Meet Supply Demand, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Veterinary Medicine Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 HCl.
Speaker System High Power H3, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% Used as Raw Materals in Pharmaceutical. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ep Grade Antihistamine Cyproheptadine for Dogs Factory Wholesales CAS: 41354-29-4(PCs). As can be seen inWin10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Proxima Entertainment Z-450 Digtal Speaker,Professional Stage Bass Sound System 15 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Ls500(CSFM) is presented here as an example.L10/83267-Professional Audio 10 Inch Coaxial Speakerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 Android TV Player World IPTV Video Box Support IR /2.4GHz Wireless Mobile Remote Controlshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSuper Bright 8.5*17mm LED Neon Strip with SMD 3528), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Q1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Produced Android Smart TV Box 7.1 Full HD 1080P Video Kodi 17.6demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,12inches PA Speaker Audio Component[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHand Carved Freestanding/Pedestal Shower Stone Green Onyx Bathtub for Home Hotel Bathroom.
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Cost model for variable-Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Speaker with Laser Light , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights. Moreover,L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 in Stock), maintenance (Fast Shipping to Australia Quality 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Price), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,High Quality Phena. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Cinnamaldehyde CAS 104-55-2 Cinnamic Aldehyde Factory Supply, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Electric Motorcycle ]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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