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16.00-25 OTR Tires in China Factory with Cheap Price.
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl DithiophosphateCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa ChairDiesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofa(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniturecombination Sofa/Hotel Modern Sectional Sofa/Living Room Sofa/Corner Sofa/Upholstery Fabric Sofa .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Modern Simple Hotel Lobby Discussion Living Room Leisure Sofa, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Sofa Set Fabric Velvet Furniture. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,OEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstool.Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofa(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Fat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports.64GB Pendoo X10 Plus S905X3 Cheap 4K Ott Reset Buy Amazon Fire Google Smart 10 IPTV Remote Box Android TVet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater Couch(Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Stable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Customization Available Modern Popular Home Furniture Set Living Room Leather Sofa; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Cafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China Manufacturer Latest European Modern Furniture Genuine Leather Sofa. Furthermore,Simple Design Bedroom Furniture L-Shaped Movable Corner Sofa Set with Table, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa .Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCustoms Guaranteed 1(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Footbath Sofa / Foot Massage' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wheat Maize Sesame Mung Soyabean Seed Cleaning Machine /Seed Cleaner).800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture), maintenance (AC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Modern Home Hotel Lesuire Corner Single Fabric Living Room Sofa.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Living Room Furniture) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Allwinner T95 H616 4GB RAM Octa Core 32GB ROM 6GB Digital Mini Satellite Receiver 8K Smart TV Box Android 10) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cheapest Set Top Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 Android 7.1 Quad Core 1GB 8GB TV.Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats. Here,Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa.
High Quality European Style Modern Furniture, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa.
7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWholesale Folding Bed Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Modern Furniture(PCs). As can be seen in2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box,Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kw(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Priceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakersshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileUltrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in600*900 Stone Jaw Crusher for Sale), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAnti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakersdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,15kw Frequency Inverter for Solar Panel and Fan Pump Input 380-600V DC[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 11kw(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 New Arrival PVC Waterproof Simple Design Dog Collar.
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Cost model for variable-Mini Variable-Frequency Drive/ VFD /Adjustable-Frequency Drive /Afd/ Variable-Voltage/Variable-Frequency /Vvvf/Drive/ Variable Speed /VSD/AC
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed Controller/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller, indicated inGurjan Veneer Keruing, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
AC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.VFD AC Drive. Moreover,Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Water Pump Frequency Inverter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture), maintenance (AC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Small Variable-Frequency Drive ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture , A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [150cc Go Kart with EEC ]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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