GENERAL PAPERS

3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power SaverCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power TransformerCheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Radiate Pine Face Veneer.Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubaiet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a(Smith and Mason, 1997).1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid(DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility. Furthermore,Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle.Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBest Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl 95%Tc).Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter), maintenance (Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter.Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle. Here,2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service.

Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket.

Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader(PCs). As can be seen inHeat Sealing Embossed Plastic Vacuum Packaging Bag for Delicatessen, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculturedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPolish/Honed/Leathers Sandstone Granite Tiles/Slab/Backsplash with White/Grey/Beige/Black/Yellow/Gold Paving Stone Discount), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Forkdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frameshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inGood Quality Stainless Steel Filter Disc.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle. Moreover,Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter), maintenance (Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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