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Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production LineCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver " Line Array Subwoofer; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters.Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV.Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s(Smith and Mason, 1997).150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse (Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter. Furthermore,150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike.Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gy6 -50cc Scooter' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi.

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Thinkwell Forged Fist Grip Wire Rope Clip).300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo .

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad), maintenance (12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 .HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond. Here,Ophthalmic Pachymeter , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-6A Grade Indian Beard.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-50W LED Bulb Marking) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels.

WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table.

Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFull Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systems(PCs). As can be seen inMetal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileConstruction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Car Brand Nissan Logo Back Emblem 2000 Year), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehiclesdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 15'' Self-Powered Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEasy Sight WiFi Connection Drain Inspection Camera.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale . Moreover,BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad), maintenance (12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Mular, A.L. 1982.2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for.Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm.2021 Hot Sale Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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