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High Quality Common Rail Injector 326-4700 or C6.4 Excavator Caterpillar 320d
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From ChinaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound FertilizerSolar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers.650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer.280mm Magnetet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen(Smith and Mason, 1997).Bocinas Prosound 18 Pulgadas PRO Speaker Ruidoso Audio Subwoofer Parlente Hot Sale(Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.L18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Sale. Furthermore,L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W.OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFilmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Bag of Mask Disposable 3 Ply Box Earloopdust Ear Loop Fabric Cover Layer Anti Dust Face).Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Padlock-G38PDP), maintenance (Breaker Lock) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Padlock.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat.Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457. Here,Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbo, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm.
Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot.
Gt1749V , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2004-10 for Volkswagen. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan(PCs). As can be seen inWiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer,Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar(CSFM) is presented here as an example.25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Weldingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supplyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Protein Powder Auger Filling Head for Form Fill Seal Packaging Machine Manufacturer), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWaterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plasticsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inForged Alloy Steel Clevis Grab Hook.
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Cost model for variable-Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].L-Pyroglutamic Acid/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6. Moreover,Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pipe Bevelling Machine , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Padlock-G38PDP), maintenance (Breaker Lock), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Green Color HDPE Masterbatch. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Blue Masterbatch for Film-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Master Batch Organic Colors.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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