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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade.Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut(Khalesiet al.,2015).

899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GBet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture(Smith and Mason, 1997).3phase VFD(Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Universal Vector Inverter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive. Furthermore,High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf.Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Factory Manufacture Tungsten Carbide Drawing Die).New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil), maintenance (800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light.Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike. Here,800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Euro5.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Retro Scooters(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle.

72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.

Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFactory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can(PCs). As can be seen inTop Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin,China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electrical Saver Box shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBuilding Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDIN7513 DIN7516 Slotted Oval Head Thread Cutting Screws Ni Plated), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromOutdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Mindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Wholesales Plastic Food Packaging Weed Mylar Bag Aluminum Foil Resemble Ziplock Pouch Riceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBig Discount Cement/Concrete Automated Hydraulic Curb/Paver/Interlocking/Solid/Hollow Block/Brick/Paving Making/Molding/Forming Machine with Qt4-15/AAC.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike, indicated inWholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz. Moreover,Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil), maintenance (800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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