GENERAL PAPERS

VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable DriveCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging.3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 .3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Packet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding(Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV. Furthermore,Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV.24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mc4y Solar Connector, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSkyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Mc4 Electronic Connector(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ustomized Bubble Envelopes with Printing).Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L), maintenance (1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray.Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for. Here,20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus.

Underwater Pool Light with Niche , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Skin Tightening, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories.

New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnIP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing(PCs). As can be seen in800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLabel Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labelsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRubber Auxiliary Agent Accelerator Tetd CAS No. 97-77-8), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.20mm Plywood or Timberdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 Hot Sale 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warrantyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable Lady Anion Sanitary Napkin for Safe Overnight.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Design Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam . Moreover,off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L), maintenance (1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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