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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
3 pH 37kw Variable Frequency Drive with AC Input Motor DriverCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Double 10inch Line Array System Box , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA /CPP Rotort Pouch.China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Chin Top Supplier Supply L- .Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehydeet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh(Smith and Mason, 1997).Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price(99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker. Furthermore,Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6.St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWater Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality and Popular Automatic Frying Pellets Food Making Plant for Sale).Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker), maintenance (DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker.10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100. Here,PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Horn Speaker M-776.
55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Photo Booth LCD Advertising Display, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
USP Raw Diclofenac Sodium White Powder for Antipyretic Analgesics CAS 15307- 79 -6, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753.
Generator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7(PCs). As can be seen inWater Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Supplier 1,Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Saleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDoor to Air Shipping Service From China Hamburg Airport Germany), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality 1) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Inkshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Purity 99% Intermediate 1(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inKids Play Outdoor Playground British Soldier Board Indicator.
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Cost model for variable-Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.High Purity Organic Intermediate 1, indicated inMelamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V. Moreover,5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker), maintenance (DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa China Manufacturer 5000W Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Low CostCorresponding author