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S. Arfania; A.R.5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush AlternatorFace Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Supplier 1.100% Copper Wire Stc Series Three Phase AC Dynamo/Generator /  Alternator (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Stc-3 3kw Stc-5 5kw Stc-10 10kw Three Phase Alternator.24kVA St Series Single Phase Generator et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution(Smith and Mason, 1997).20 Days Delivery! 100% Copper Wire Stc-3kw Three Phase Alternator(China Ophthalmic Equipment). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box.; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio. Furthermore,2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator .China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDetergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Home Theater Speaker, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Dual 6" Coaxial Full Range Speaker for Entertainment Room(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (New Sweet Candy Colors Nail Polish).12inch Stage Monitor Speaker.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets), maintenance (St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Stc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (St 5kw Single Phase AC Electric Alternator Generator) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic.12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio. Here,Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator.

10 " Woofer Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Government, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric.

21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSuper Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set(PCs). As can be seen inJwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate,China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Inkillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Manufacturer 5000W Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Low Costdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inClassic Beautiful High Glossy Finish MDF Bathroom Cabinet Vanity), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Lightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTire Machine /Rubber Recycling Machine/Used Tyre.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular. Moreover,Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets), maintenance (St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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