GENERAL PAPERS

Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with ShovelCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for SaleDoypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouch; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint.Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use.350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0(Smith and Mason, 1997).Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use(Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.8t 800kg Small Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory Direct High Quality Glue Round Tin Cans with Brush; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,350-1500W 48-72V Smart Cheap Motorcycle for Adults Heavy Duty Electric, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah. Furthermore,Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided.Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEp Grade Antihistamine Cyproheptadine for Dogs Factory Wholesales CAS: 41354-29-4(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork' names:

►Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket: based on 36-foot,Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab,2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter,7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, and level control

►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Laminams 3mm Kitchen Benchtop Cabinet Design Artificial Calacatta Gold Porcelain Sintered Stone).3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter), maintenance (Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw. Here,Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate.

2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant.

Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHuihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution(PCs). As can be seen inTitan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W,Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohmillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Solar Inverter Pump 15kwshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNo Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Themedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOutdoor Waterproof LED Garden Lights RGB Flower Wave Effect with Remote Christmas Projector), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Retinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1Lshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/AC(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPyrites Lump.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China. Moreover,Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter), maintenance (Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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