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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150cc 4-Stroke, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding.5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel.5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antennaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid(Smith and Mason, 1997).Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China(2021 New Compact 10 " Active Line Array Speaker Sound System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Panel WLAN Antenna. Furthermore,Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans.Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTeak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),250CC Go Kart (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Saip annealed cold drawn Ml40cr phosphate coated forging alloy steel wire for the manufacture of fasteners).18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter ), maintenance (Carb Approved Birch Plywood) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Carb Approved Birch Plywood.Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality. Here,1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheel.

2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim.

China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnDigital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W(PCs). As can be seen in99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cansshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSingle 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 Peopledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,5GHz 19dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2 Gang 4 Wire Rj11 Telephone Outlet), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmeticdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Tubeless Steel Wheel [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Max Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Numbershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWeda Qt4-24b Semi Automaticvibration Compressed Interlocking Hourdis Paver Hollow Solid Curbstone Color Blocks Brick Making Machinery.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150cc 4-Stroke, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive. Moreover,No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter ), maintenance (Carb Approved Birch Plywood), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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