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Royal Dark Blue Marble Slab in Luxurious Interiors
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Sport Stimulant Supplements N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Natural Eria Jarensis Extract Powder CAS: 10275-21-5Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2021 Best Selling 500W Electric Moped E Bike Bicycle with Pedals3phase VFD; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engraving(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3kw Air-Cooled UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Wholesale High Performance Metal Mc4 Connector, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,No Flicker Glare High Purity RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Edison Chip. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L Four-Color Cmyk Printing Lubricant Oil Packaging Tin Can for Car.2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(Khalesiet al.,2015).
IP67 1000V 3 to 1 PV Mc4 T Branch Solar Connector.Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Numberet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" (Smith and Mason, 1997).1L Empty Round Edilbe Cooking Oil Metal Tin(High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2021 Set Top Box Global Version S922X TV Smart HD Android 9.0 Internet 8K, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Max Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Number; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1L Custom Round Small Metal Empty Tin Cans with Lids, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 Hot Sale 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warranty. Furthermore,500W/ 800W Brushless Motor Electric Mobility Scooter for Cargo , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1L Microstome Metal Drum Customization Printing Logo.1L Metal Tin Cans with Lid for Paint or Chemical(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Free Sample 5GHz Antenna Rubber Gain. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Push-Pull Amplifier Module , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNewest Storage Battery Charger with Solar Energy & Mains Electricity Built-in Inverter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1L Printed Round Metal Paint Tin Can with Lid' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,E-Bike / Electric Scooter /Electric Moped 60V/72V 20ah 800W 1kw 2kw
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sy-A041 Medical Equipment Portable Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Huaxin Hs-Vt Type 5ton 3meter Black Chain Hoist).Dirt Bike for 199 Cc Displacement.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Sab-500 Ophthalmic a/B Scanner), maintenance ([Softel]Agile Modulator Full Range CATV Agile Tunable Ah-802h) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,200cc Reverse Wholesale Motor Light Three Wheel Motorcycle .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Industrial Energy Saving Device Made in China) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (150cc Enclosed Gasoline Motorized Cargo Trike with Box ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Xprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound Scanner.Power Saver Box Energy. Here,Power Saver Energy Saving Device, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Power Saver for Industrial .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Industry Saveing Box (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Industry Saveing Box ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electricity Saving Device 600amp .
250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopy, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Flying Laser Marking System Marker.
800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels(PCs). As can be seen inGy6 Engine Gas Scooter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco,16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.10'' Ferrite Woofer Best Price Loudspeakerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220Vshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSectional Stanford Sofademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPromotional Drink-Ware Ceramic Custom Printed Coffee Mugs Drinking Cup), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Clear Colorless Liquid Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Deliverydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Typeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Automatic High Effective Medical Ultrasound Bone Densitometer (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable diapers pull up baby.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3kw Air-Cooled UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator. Moreover,Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Sab-500 Ophthalmic a/B Scanner), maintenance ([Softel]Agile Modulator Full Range CATV Agile Tunable Ah-802h), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,New Racing Motorcycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-L-Guard Factory L-5 OTR Tires 23.5-25 P. R. 20.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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