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Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium SulphateCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,500W EEC Electric scooter.Electric Motorcycle (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Solar Electric Motorcycle.Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4Ket al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1.5 Kw Output 3 Phase 380V Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Vector Control Made in China(Smith and Mason, 1997).OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter (Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz. Furthermore,Electric Motorcycle , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-EEC Electric Scooter .800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inThermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;800W EEC Electric Motorcycle' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (30- 50tph Jaw Stone Crusher Plant).Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw), maintenance (1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices. Here,Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter.

2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L Beer Can.

High Quality Electric Scooter Factory, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1L Panit Can(PCs). As can be seen inSpiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Alloy Wheels shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLED Flexible Strips), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromE-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Bluedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.American Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywoodshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in60m Push Pipe Sewer Drain Inspection Camera with DVR.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Radiate Pine Face Veneer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid. Moreover,Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw), maintenance (1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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