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Qualified Certification Sterilization Waterless Bacteriostatic Gel Hand Sanitizer
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 UkraineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.CAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen PowderBest Sale Bulk Price1; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Food Packaging Bag.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags.Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery(Khalesiet al.,2015).
All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4.Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36(Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System. Furthermore,Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags.PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Manufacturer Supply 1' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (ASTM A283 Grade D ASME SA 283 SA283 Gr. GR Tube Sheets Deflectors Suppprt Plates Pipe Sheet SA-283/SA-283M GR. Gr-D -D).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1), maintenance (Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker.Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container. Here,Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker.
Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System.
PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMulti-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper(PCs). As can be seen in2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sofa PVC Leather 2021shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricantdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDried Squid Shredded Seafood), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Custom Cat Food Bags(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7. Moreover,Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Lanosterol 79 -63-0 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1), maintenance (Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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References
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USBM. 1987.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker,Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Intelligent Solar and Wind Street Light Smart 60W]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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