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0.5 Ton Manual Chain Hoist Lever Block for Material Lifting
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Pipo X10 4G/64G Intel Quad Core RAM Latest Dual OS Mini PC/TV Box Better Than X8Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine PowderLight Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth.PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker.Double 10inch Line Array System Box et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide(Smith and Mason, 1997).Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin(Manufacturer Supply 1). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PA /CPP Rotort Pouch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Chin Top Supplier Supply L- , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde. Furthermore,Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder.Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2400-49 2700-49 Taishan Brand OTR Giant Tyre for Mine and Quarry).High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies), maintenance (Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker.DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755. Here,Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker.
Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer.
Horn Speaker M-776, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Photo Booth LCD Advertising Display. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk(PCs). As can be seen inSrx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753,Generator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scannerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lidshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inIndustrial Oxygen Concentrator High Purity Plant Mini Adsorption O2 Generator), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHorn Speaker M-776) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Supply High Quality Ademetionine 1. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Local Anesthetics Dibucaine Pharma Raw Powder CAS 85- 79 -0demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Supplier 1[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFactory Prices OEM Functional Sanitary Napkin Pads.
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Cost model for variable-CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755. Moreover,High Purity Organic Intermediate 1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies), maintenance (Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [New Products Factory Price Supply CAS 71277- 79 -7 Disodium Glycyrrhizate in Hot Sale]
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USBM. 1987.100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price,100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [400kVA Silent Diesel Dynamo Generator 440 kVA Low Noise 320kw Soundproof Power Plant]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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