GENERAL PAPERS

21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade CrystallineCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light UnderwaterCarb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery.8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light(Khalesiet al.,2015).

10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine.Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut(Smith and Mason, 1997).Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing (5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality. Furthermore,55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike .High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Monorail Traveling Electric Wire Rope Hoist).Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System), maintenance (Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish.Mc4y Solar Connector. Here,1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk.

Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mc4 Electronic Connector, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L.

1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSolar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light(PCs). As can be seen inJwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray,Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cansillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable Driveshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loadersdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in72W Two Hands Portable Dest UV LED Curing Nail Polish Gel Lamp Cordless), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWater Pump Frequency Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Best Selling Electric Scooter Mini 800W shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable Hand Gel for Adult and Baby.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Underwater Pool Light with Niche /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Skin Tightening; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18. Moreover,Motorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System), maintenance (Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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