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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Grid Tied Microinverter 1200W Waterproof Pure Sine Wave with WiFi MonitoringCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter.4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal.Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heateret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200(Smith and Mason, 1997).Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18(CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming. Furthermore,Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17.Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Optic Crystal Golf Award for Corporate Employee Recognition Trophy).Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip), maintenance (Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6.Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier. Here,High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Fractional RF & Thermal Machine ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device.
20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening.
Football Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening(PCs). As can be seen inChina E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp,High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Wholesale E-3/L-3 OTR Sand Road Construction Nylon Loader Scraper Tire Tyre 17.5-25illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensetsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Boxdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Personalized Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Logo Soft Enamel Sports Competition Championships Gold Lacrosse Medal for Winner), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFlat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Convertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hair(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in24W AC DC Power Adapter with CE Certificate Supply.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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3kwh Solar Energy Storage System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Peanut Shell and Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. Moreover,ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip), maintenance (Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2.50- 17 -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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