GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate .Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle(Smith and Mason, 1997).PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules(Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses. Furthermore,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655.PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEverun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Stainless Steel 17-4pH

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Waterproof 350W Osram IP65 DMX Outdoor Light Beam Moving Head Stage Lighting).Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A.Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0.

Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box.

Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine(PCs). As can be seen inWholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair,Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Canillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From Chinashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileConstruction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front Enddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomed Outdoor Hot Sales Lighted LED Car Logo Sign), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw ondemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesaleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale New Design Red Luxury Shiny Polyester Gold Floral Satin Printed Fabric Textile.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Ammonium Polyphosphate , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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