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Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml MilkCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China.Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Power Saver Device (Smith and Mason, 1997).Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China(Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals. Furthermore,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush.Okoume Veneer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Purity 99% Intermediate 1(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Car Logo ABS Chorme Auto Letters Emblems).Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), maintenance (Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy. Here,Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.

Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer.

Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Gurjan Veneer Keruing(PCs). As can be seen inCheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric Motorcycle shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMedical Ophthalmic Instrument Auto Refractometer for Eye Exophthalmic Test), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRetinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine Hydrochloride CAS 23076-35-9shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in6MP Panoramic Network IR Fisheye Camera.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases. Moreover,Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), maintenance (Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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