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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP GlueCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.China Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149Bulk Supply Veterinary Tranquilizer Tiletamine Xylazine Powder 14176-50-2; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Tetracaine Ophthalmic Solution Quick Reaction White Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5c, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,DSP Active Line Array Speaker.Neodymium 12inch 932lap Professional Powered DSP Line Array Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).
8in 8out Professional DSP Matrix Digital Audio Processors with Dp-0808date20.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock (Smith and Mason, 1997).New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820(0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Recording Studio Equipment Vera Series Super Power Speaker Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1800W 103dB Bass Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch with Wa21820. Furthermore,Line Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Single 18'' Low Frequency Sub-Bass.Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Outdoor PRO Audio Loudspeaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Doule 8'' Mini Line Arry Loudspeaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Srx715 Sing 15" Professional Speaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Aclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Travel Brush Set with Synthic Hair and Wooden Handle on Pink Zip Bag).Arc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer), maintenance (Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Theater Professional Line Array Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (15' Water-Proof Installation Long-Throw Speaker with 100V Transformer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker.Factory Export 99% Purity Chlorhexidine CAS55-56-1 with Lowest Price. Here,Free Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Free Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Purity 9-Hydroxyfluorene CAS 1689-64-1 with Good Price in Stock(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819.
Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker.
Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDouble 6" Professional Speaker Line Array. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate(PCs). As can be seen inNitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaine,Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touaregillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Useshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDouble Hook Tyre Bead Wire Pulling Machine/Tyre Rubber Milling Equipment), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5000va 48VDC on off Grid Tied Low Frequency Hybrid Solar Power Backup Invertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inElectric Dog Bathing Tub New Bathtub Massage Machine Pet SPA Wash Environment Acrylic Transparent Dense Bubbles.
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Cost model for variable-Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System, indicated in1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca. Moreover,New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer), maintenance (Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Double 12'' Line Array Audio. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China2 X HDMICorresponding author