GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Line Array System Single 10 Inch Neodymium Vr10Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wall(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Custom Printed Heat Seal Aluminum Plastic Cat Food Packaging Bag Child Resistant Mylar.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

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Amazon Best Sell Custom Clears Silver Aluminum Foil Mylar Ziplock Stand up Pouch Bag.Vr36 Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Compact Line Arrayet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 4X8 Size Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood Face and Back(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Supply Chlorhexidine Acetate/ Mpb Diacetate /CAS 206986- 79 -0(No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Heat Sealing Embossed Plastic Vacuum Packaging Bag for Delicatessen, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Ceftriaxone Sodium 99% API CAS 104376- 79 -6 for Injection Grade; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cosmetic Raw Material Powder CAS 20449- 79 -0 Pure Bee Venom/Melittin/Melitten. Furthermore,Pharmaceutical Chemicals Cefodizime Sodium CAS 86329- 79 -5, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Selling Ceftriaxone Sodium CAS 104376- 79 -6 Top Quality.99% High Quality Nootropics Drugs Huperzine a 102518- 79 -6 Hupa USA Factory Fast Delivery(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Crovell Factory Supply High Quality CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,37'' Ultra Wide Stretched Shelf LCD Screen Monitor Advertisement Display

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),aluminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat display(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Slender Line Wedding Gown).3X3 LCD wall panel surveillance digital display screen.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (AV input LCD wall panel 49inch surveillance monitors), maintenance (LG panel 49" advertising rack ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,55inch wall mount LCD panel surveillance LED video.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Two-Way 10inch Karaoke Full Range Speaker F10+ PA Horn) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (55 Inch LCD Video Wall Display with Controller) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10inch Speaker for Music Bar PRO Audio Sound System.10inch Professional Karaoke Speaker for Luxury Room. Here,Samsung 55inch 3X3 Digital Signage Display Screen 3.5mm Narrow Bezel, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-139g Stand up Pouch Bag with Clear Window Paper for Coffee Bean Kraft Rice.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Sound System 10'' PRO Neodymium Line Array PA Audio System.) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,10inch Loudspeaker PA Speaker PRO Audio. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10 " Professional Home Theater Stage Performance Audio Video PA Trolley IR Bluetooth Active Speaker with Multimedia Heavy Bass and Big Power.

10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Single 10 Inch Active Speaker PS10r2 PA System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper Aluminum Laminated Container Food Packaging.

Food Grade Packaging Custom Print Laminated Stand up Bag, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnWhole Sale Custom Print and Different Color Food Packaging Stand up Pouch Bags with Zipper Window. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Food Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weed(PCs). As can be seen inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Container,Water Proof Child Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Arrayillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Audio Speaker Double 10 Inch Line Array shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePrinted Polyethylene Plastic Foil Packaging Roll Film for Packing Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver " Line Array Subwoofer.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Tenacity Artificial Quartz Slabs Grey Bathroom Countertops), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromB5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Donbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formworkdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Speaker Double 10'' Neodymium Line Array[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mmshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10'' Neodymium Coaxial Speaker. 250W & 60W Power Rating PA Audio.(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sale High Quality Definition Indoor Rental LED Billboard P4 Module Display Screen.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD Display/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screen; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P screen monitor LCD video wall$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker. Moreover,Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (AV input LCD wall panel 49inch surveillance monitors), maintenance (LG panel 49" advertising rack ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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