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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
L-Pyroglutamic AcidCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar.Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014(Khalesiet al.,2015).
1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube.Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coilset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304(Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Stainless Steel 17-4pH , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate. Furthermore,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inConstruction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Good quality China products disposable sleepy baby diaper).Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0), maintenance (Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub.Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch. Here,Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine.
Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub.
Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAir Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine(PCs). As can be seen in7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827,Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw onshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAlcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesaledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAgrochemical Deltamethrin), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ammonium Polyphosphate [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jfy Solar Pump Inverter for Pumping System Use Single Phase Water to Irrigation and Agricultureshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPopular Design Rhodium Plated Pendant Jewellery for Girl Creative Pattern High Quality CZ Fashion Jewelry.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, indicated inFrequency Converter 200HP Three Phases, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320. Moreover,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0), maintenance (Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,T-Type Electric Beveling Machine ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.6 Cyl Head and Rotor -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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