GENERAL PAPERS

1-Bromo-3Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound ScannerMini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit.Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan (Khalesiet al.,2015).

1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier.Roadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kitet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L(Smith and Mason, 1997).SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier(EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2200 Degree Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace High-Temperature for Cim, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale. Furthermore,High Frequency Induction Heater , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace.Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Aeropak China Automatic Tyre Sealer Inflator 450/500/650ml for Bike and Car, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,ISO, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Wholesale Hot Long Sleeve Lady Women Top Pullover Hoodies).HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter), maintenance (GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head.Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw. Here,Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine.

HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip.

Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light(PCs). As can be seen inManufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18,Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hzillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inToys 2021 Action Figure 1/6 for Sale Plastic Movie and Game), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lampshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNo MOQ! Wholesale Playmobile Cute Butoon Badge for Souvenir.

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Cost model for variable-Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover. Moreover,Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter), maintenance (GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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