GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure.Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),L-Arginine 99%(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Printed Unique Corrugated Packing Shipping Mailer Box).China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch), maintenance (Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag.Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container. Here,High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag.

Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64.

Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church (PCs). As can be seen inProxima Entertainment Z-450 Digtal Speaker, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileRetinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredientdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFancy Blackout Graceful Pretty 100% Polyester Living Room Curtain Textile), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTitan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance.) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Line Array Vtx V20 Dual 10 Inch Three Way Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIP67 Female Socket with Interlock & Switch DIN Installation Rail.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Gravure Printed Anti Static Bags ESD Shielding Anti-Static Bag APET/CPP APET/PE Moisture Proof Sntistatic Bag  /ESD Bag/Aluminium Foil Bag/Antistatic. Moreover,Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch), maintenance (Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Alumimun Foil Film Bag), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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