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High Quality Shantui Bulldozer SD16f Forest with 160 HP
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380VCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Grid Tied Inverter 3kwMorin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5kw Solar PV Kit Power Gird Tied Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Mining Tyre, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Low Frequency Solar Inverter Hybrid Mode Grid- Tied and Store Power.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
150cc Front Cabin Cargo Tricycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,OTR G2 Grader Tubeless Tyre 17.5-25. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L Metal Screw Top Round Machine Oil Tank.Customized Modern Design Metal Oil Tin Can 1L Empty Storage Container(Khalesiet al.,2015).
E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre .Pneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(Smith and Mason, 1997).1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid(High Quality European Style Modern Furniture). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China Electric Tricycle 350W 500W 800W for Adult. Furthermore,Llantas High Quality L5 OTR Tyre 26.5-25, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pneumatic Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coding, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Milk Goat Brightening Bath Soap Face Beauty Cream Toilet).Solar & Mains 3840wh 80A 220V Outlet Battery for Appliances with Rated Power Under 1500W.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular), maintenance (Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t Moped.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate.Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels. Here,3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensor.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basket. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty.
Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A 220V AC Output Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (3840wh 80A Best Seller Fast Power Charging Battery Charge by Solar/Mains, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Pedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800W, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Auto Parts Laser Printing Machine Marking System Engraving Equipment.
Water-Proof Cover 3 Wheel Cargo Gasoline Trike, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnJpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W(PCs). As can be seen in2-Carboxybenzaldehyde/Phthalaldehydic Acid CAS 119-67-5, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine,with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Pathillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileZl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Wheel Loader with Lawn Mowerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFelt Back PVC Flooring Export to Middle East High Quality Wood Design Vinyl Rolls), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSolar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1L Empty Round Edilbe Cooking Oil Metal Tindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Upgraded New Grille Skytone Vera 12inch Top Plus 18inch Sub Line Array PRO Audio DJ Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Printed Unique Corrugated Packing Shipping Mailer Box.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Mining Tyre, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price, indicated inMade in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash. Moreover,High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular), maintenance (Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Roadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kit-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Electricity Saver Device PA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party AudioCorresponding author