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2021 Tobemac Brand 1 Bagger Cement Concrete Mixer
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
AC Converter Variable Frequency Drive 3 pH 0.75kw Output Power SupplyCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion LineFast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machine.NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad(Khalesiet al.,2015).
EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring.Cheap Price Nice Mini Seal Viton/FKM X Ringset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass(Smith and Mason, 1997).Rectangle Sliding Strip Glass Door Quadrant Bathroom (Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator. Furthermore,Wear-Resistant PU O Ring, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line.Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTop Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector' names:
►Dust Collector for Granite Welding: based on 36-foot,Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machine,Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker,Gold Dust Collector Cement Filter Bag, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Low Water Absorption Polymer 610
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),CAS No. 63428-84-2 Good Quality Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Face Beauty Therapy Light LED Facial Mask).Plastic PE Pipe Production Line.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring), maintenance (High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Pesticide Deltamethrin 98% TC.King Quenson Best Selling Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp Insecticide Manufacturer. Here,Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SC, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Cabin AS-2800.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet .
Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink.
Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnEasy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink(PCs). As can be seen inHot Sale Android 9.0 4K HD IPTV Set Top Box Amlogic S905W 2GB 16GB Smart Internet TV, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin,Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMarket Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From Chinademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Paper Gravure Printing Ink.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPortugal National Car Window Flag), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from50cc Motorcycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Enginedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in10oz Custom Color Plastic Boston Bottle with Left Right Lotion Pump.
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Cost model for variable-Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Benzene Soluble Polyamide Resin for Flexo Printing Ink; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Permethrin 25% EC Pesticide & Insecticides, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.HD250-5/7 Arm Boom Bucket Cylinder Seal Cyl for Kato. Moreover,Ergonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PVC Garden Pipe Making Machine Cost, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring), maintenance (High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PU Wheel 2000kg Hand Pallet Truck with Digital Weighing Scale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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