GENERAL PAPERS

L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements  Arginine  Flavoring AgentsCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without CabinAndroid 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Top; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale.China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket.Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to Indiaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engraving(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan(Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader. Furthermore,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power' names:

►Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC: based on 36-foot,Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China,Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control,Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor, and level control

►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Strip Light RGB 5050 Flexible Ribbon Fita 10m 300LED 600LED Tape Diode DC 12V Remote Control Adapter).AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini), maintenance (Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration. Here,Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.

Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (3phase VFD, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning.

Universal Vector Inverter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFrequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V(PCs). As can be seen inHorn Professional Speaker H3, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm,Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Quality Assurance O-Phthalaldehydeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massageshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Lightdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBulk Calcium Chloride Prills 94% Good Price for Oil Drilling), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromStrong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleanerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Driveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized Beautiful Printing Single Paper Cup for Hot Coffee.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap. Moreover,Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini), maintenance (Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Euro5. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Retro Scooters-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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