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Cold-drawn wire stem CH1t Half Hollow Rivets Phosphate Coated Steel Wire
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium SulphateCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel LoaderThermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,500W EEC Electric scooter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electric Motorcycle .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solar Electric Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter .New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini(Khalesiet al.,2015).
0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer.2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricantet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(Smith and Mason, 1997).High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz(Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Electric Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).EEC Electric Scooter ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm. Furthermore,Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-800W EEC Electric Motorcycle.No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSpiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Xangshi Mill 2.4/5GHz Dual Band 2 8GB Latest S905X Google Certified Android 8.1 4K Hdr Smart Box).Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price), maintenance (Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08.Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine. Here,500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1L Beer Can.
High Quality Electric Scooter Factory, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
1L Panit Can, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid.
2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.OEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstoolshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileManufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in7 Inch Full HD LCD Remote Control Download Ad Player Desktop Digital Signage), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Sell Well Opademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Batteryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSheet Metal Processing Press Brake Bending Machine Made in China.
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Cost model for variable-2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Radiate Pine Face Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,500W EEC Electric scooter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility. Moreover,Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price), maintenance (Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe]
Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Cheapest DDP Sea Shipping From China to USA]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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