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Silver with Gemstone Customizable Pattern High Quality Badge
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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S. Arfania; A.R.Professional All Weather Water-Proof Indoor Outdoor 4inch SpeakerAmino Acid L-Arginine 99% CAS 74- 79 -3; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Birch Plywood 2-Way Crossover Passive Loudspeaker (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Srx715 High Quality Neodymium PRO Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Kf760 Line Array System for Outdoor Concert.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
4inch Outdoor Use Full Range for Public System Wall-Mounted Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limiter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Top Company Supply 3-Bromopropyne CAS 106 96 7 with Best Price.Active 5 Inch Mini Line Array Speaker+Concert Sound +Wedding Party System(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Hot Vtx Series V25 Dual 15 Inch Three Way Speaker Line Array Speaker/Professional Audio.GMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Hot Sale Banana Ripening Ethephon 90%Tc with Wholesale Price(Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Qige Supply High Quality Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraception, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Safe Shipping Sarms Powder ACP-105; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,99% High Purity Pmk Powder Glycidate for Pharmaceutical Intermediates Bulk Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Manufacturer Supply Cosmetic Raw Material 98%-102% Tretinoin . Furthermore,Shiny Fenacetin Crystal and Non Powder, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Sell Top Quality Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Indometacin Powder CAS: 53-86-1.Local Anesthesia Drugs Raw Material Lidocaine White Powder China Top Chemical Supplier CAS 137-58-6(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.BMK New Arrival High Quality Glycidic Acid CAS 16648-44-5. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Experienced Supplier with Safe Clearance Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory Powder Indometacin Anti-Rheumatism CAS: 53-86-1' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Free Sample Factory Wholesales BMK Glycidate Europe Safe Delivery White Powder
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Column Speaker Line Array Full Range Loudspeaker Multi-Function L3, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Clear Colorless Liquid Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3D Wheel Aligner Auto Maintenance Equipment/Used Machine Price Export to Europe Ss-3D-4).White Crystalline Powder Europe Warehouse Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8), maintenance (Methyl 2-Bromovalerate CAS 19129-92-1 with Safety Delivery) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Price Diethyl 2.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Canada Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Sample T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Compact Two-Way 4'' 6'' 8'' 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Supply Dimethyl 2.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery. Here,Overseas Warehouse Fast Delivery Organic Chemicals , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Ethyl 2-Bromovalerate Liquid CAS 615-83-8.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Supply Procaine Hydrochloride China Top Factory Supplier Base Manufacturer Aoks(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Supply Ethyl Valerate CAS 539-82-2) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Organic Chemicals Pharmaceutical Intermediate . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Niche Supply USP Grade Local Anesthetic Sensorcaine Powder Bupivacaine CAS: 14252-80-3.
4'' Installation Professional Waterproof Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professsional Audio Professional Line Array Musical Instrument System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Vera12 Single 12" The Most Economical Line Array Sound System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,180W Professional Speaker Coaxial Single 8" Two-Way Surround PC820.
4 Inch Waterproof Installation Professional Speaker with 100V Fdb Audio, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAlu. Speaker Mount Wall Bracket . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Single 8inch Professional Loudspeaker Two-Way Full Range Festures KTV(PCs). As can be seen in250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Wall Mount Speaker Bracket ,Professional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Srx715 Sing 15" Professional Speakerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basketshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kwdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Banqual Small and Medium Conference Hall with Mq8c190801.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFashion Hip Hop Silver or Brass Jewelry 14K Gold Plated Ruby Iced out Ring for Girls), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10'' Neodymium Coaxial Speaker. 250W & 60W Power Rating PA Audio.) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wireless PA System for Classroom and Church. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professionaldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,All-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 15" Lf[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Boxshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Steel PRO Audio Speaker Back Plate (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized UPVC Single Casement Door/Exterior Door/Plastic Patio Door.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Single 18 Inch Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Entertainment Occasions with Wa11819730/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Dual 8inch Two-Way Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Speaker Unit Ease Function with Vk20819729; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Srx715 High Quality Neodymium PRO Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
All-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 6" Lf. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Novel Pea Supplements Eria Jarensis Extract Palmitoylethanolamide Raw Powder USA Stock CAS: 10275-21-5, indicated inFactory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Sport Stimulant Supplements N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Natural Eria Jarensis Extract Powder CAS: 10275-21-5$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Compact Two-Way 8''inch 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Speaker PS10. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.30W PA Active Computer 5.1 System Inexpensive Speaker. Moreover,Steel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Big Subwoofer Line Array Speaker , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8), maintenance (Methyl 2-Bromovalerate CAS 19129-92-1 with Safety Delivery), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Box), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Loudspeaker Active Line Array Speaker System Self Powered Subwoofer with Vs15s, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Two-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Professional All Weather Water-Proof Indoor Outdoor 4inch Speaker, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7]
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Lashgari, A.Tetracaine Ophthalmic Solution Quick Reaction White Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6, A.R. 2013.Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5c,High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Car Badge 2021 Chrome Emblem Eagle Custom Label Badges]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.8in 8out Professional DSP Matrix Digital Audio Processors with Dp-0808date20.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820, Montreal. 265 pp. [Sapele Veneer Plywood Sheet for Wood Furniture and Decoration]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Recording Studio Equipment Vera Series Super Power Speaker Box.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820, Montreal. 319 pp. [Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Hot Sale 60V 800W Brushless Motor Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle]
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USBM. 1987.Single 15 Inch High Quality Bass,Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [925 Sterling Silver CZ Jewelry Hotselling Simple Bracelet]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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