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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlight.Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED Floodlight(Khalesiet al.,2015).

T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV.Factory Supply 1 to 2 Male Female Y Branch Mc4 Solar Connector for off Grid Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7(Smith and Mason, 1997).Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL(Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Mc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Solar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Solar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67. Furthermore,Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115cc, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector.Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (LED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IP68 Glass 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light for Fountain

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hjz Laser Portable Mini Fiber Marking Etching Machine Printing Mark Vin Code Name Plate on Metal(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Mining Machinery Impact Crusher for Crushing Stone Chromite Mercury Cobalt).Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel), maintenance (Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Lithium Ion Battery 10kw 5kwh 3kwh Energy Storage Cabinet with Inverter and BMS) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine.Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Here,Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Allsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,20W 30W Handheld Vin Number Metal Logo Laser Marking Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Velashape Slimming Cellulite Removal Body Sculpting Fat Machine.

Popular 3kwh Hot Saling Li-ion Battery Supplier, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (CE Approved Vacuum Cavitation Roller RF Velashape 3 Slimming Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

EEC EPA Extreme Adult RC Snowmobile, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Skin Renew Thermal RF & Fractional 2 in 1 Machine.

Home Use RF Velashape Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn4.5kwp 7.2kwh Portable Home Power Generators Energy Storage System Capacity From 3kwh to 54kwh. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Allsparkpower Intergrated System 3kwh -30kwh off Grid Home Use Solar Power Supply with Inverter(PCs). As can be seen inL10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufactureshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSmokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Powerful Snow Ski LED Lights Adult Racing a Snowmobile.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNovelty Cartoon Toy for Kids), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for House. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Themedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,RF Skin Tightening Face Lifting Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedalshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.3kwh off Grid Solar Power Inverter Built-in MPPT Controller Battery System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStandalone Access Controller.

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Cost model for variable-Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].110cc 125cc 150cc 200cc Chain Drive Kids Mini Jeep UTV Car/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.RF Vacuum Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Skin Whitening Machine / Fractional RF$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20MHz RF Wrinkle Removal, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Vacuum Shape Velashape Body Slimming SPA Equipment. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia Pain Relleving Cream USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6. Moreover,20MHz Skin Rejuvenation Vacuum RF Lifting Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Best Quality 1500cc Amphibious Jet Ski Hot Selling in Europe, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel), maintenance (Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Supplier EEC and EPA Approved 1500cc Quadski), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Globalipl Body Face Slimming Fine Jaw Line 20MHz Device, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Chinese Chery 1500cc 4X4 Sport Buggies ATV UTV Quad Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.4seats 1500cc Kart-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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