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Hot Sale Metal Roofing Sheet with Zinc Coating: 40-200G/M2
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw CabinCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film SunmidePipe Bevelling Machine ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PU Wheel 2000kg Hand Pallet Truck with Digital Weighing Scale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
3ton Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck Trolley Special, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2000kg Mini Cheap Price Nylon Wheel Hand Hydraulic Pallet Truck. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink.CAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line.Warehouse Transporting Equipment Hydraulic Nylon Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Trucket al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7(Smith and Mason, 1997).Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line(Kas 12" B&C Loud Subwoofer Speaker Line Array Professional Audio for Outdoor Event). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Material Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Excellent Quality Hydraulic Arm Cyl Seal for E307D Excavator, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Manufacture E307D Bucket Cyl Kit Seal. Furthermore,Excavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Parts, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kits for Sumitomo.Komatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ket(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inReconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Quadrant Framed Shower Enclosure/ Cabin / Cubicle (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China Natural Slate Tiles for Flooring and Walls).Imiprothrin 93%TC.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Deltamethrin 7g/L + Dimethoate 180g/L Ulv of Insecticide Pesticide & Acaricide), maintenance (Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Line) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5.PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory. Here,Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachi) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink and Adhesives. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Aftermarket Hdy. Cyl Repair Kits for Cat Diggers/0965606.
China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PA, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Used for Brushing PA610 with High Tensile Strength, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Polyamide Fabric PA.
Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAdjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692,High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings(CSFM) is presented here as an example.4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHzillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Batteryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileManufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engravingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBig Eyes Baby Dog Cuddly Plush Stuffed Toy), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Ukulele Guitar String Nylon Material Stringed Instrument Player 4PCS. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Containerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Digital Tuner [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chipshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Metronome and Tuner(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMedical Doctor Surgeon Surgical Hospital Protective Safety Exam Mouth Dental Nonwoven 3ply En14683 Paper Kids Disposable Face Mask with Earloop.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Digital Tuner for Guitar /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp. Moreover,Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Guitar / Bass Tuner , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Deltamethrin 7g/L + Dimethoate 180g/L Ulv of Insecticide Pesticide & Acaricide), maintenance (Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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