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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without BatteryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Chloramphenicol CAS 56-75-7 China Factory Supplier350ml Brake Fluid Glue Tin Bottle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality 99% CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,N- , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Kara Double 8 Inch Liner Speaker System Professional Audio Equipment.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Raw Material Anti Epilepsy Topiramate Powder with Best Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Dual 12 Inch Powered Line Array Active Sound System W-210bp. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl.Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 16595-80-5(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pain Relleving Patch Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse Free Sample.Kas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwooferet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle (Smith and Mason, 1997).Mini Speaker Line Array Wedding Decoraions DJ Mixer(Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)8 Ohm PRO Audio DJ Mixer Live Sound System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 15'' Self-Powered Speaker; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Purity Valerophenone 1-Phenylpentan-1-One CAS 1009-14-9, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Topiramate. Furthermore,99% High Purity Bupivacaine Anesthetic Powder Factory Price CAS: 14252-80-3, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3.Levamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Nootropic Powder 99% Noopept/Gvs-111 Manufacturer CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Anesthetic Raw Materials Tiletamine HCl Injection 14176-50-2 Bulk Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inD&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Nootropics Noopept CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Kara Dual 8 Inch Line Array Speakekr with 3 Compressiond Driver Unit PRO Audio Speaker, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Audio Line Array Speaker Neodymium Crossover System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Drop in Massage Bathtub Bathroom Sanitary Ware Built Jacuzzi Hot Tub Q410A).Line Array System with Parts for PRO Audio Speaker .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Dual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub System), maintenance (Power Amplifier Module Board + Made in China 400 Watt AMP) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Line-Array Speaker Three-Way Tri-AMP 75W 200W 600W 16omega Large-Scale System with Vt310190816.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Tp01 Piezo Electric Dome Tweeter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio .Single 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker. Here,Bulk Supply Veterinary Tranquilizer Tiletamine Xylazine Powder 14176-50-2, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Tg01 1 Inch Silk Dome Tweeter.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Professional Speaker Compective PRO Audio (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Double 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Free Shipping 99% Tranquilizer Powder Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 NMDA Receptor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Purity 75% Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol Disinfectant.
Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Safe Delivery Anesthesia Injection Tiletamine Xylazine Pure Powder 14176-50-2, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine Hydrochloride CAS 23076-35-9, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2-Carboxybenzaldehyde/Phthalaldehydic Acid CAS 119-67-5.
Professional Loudspeaker Line Array PRO Audio, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLive Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performance. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Use(PCs). As can be seen inHome Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Mercado Brasil 99.85% Lidocaina HCl Sem Problemas Aduaneiros,100% Passing Customs Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine for Pain Release(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Salesillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Testshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCustom Printed Food Grade Aluminum Foil Plastic Packaging Weed Mylar Bag for Fine Powder Snacksdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Supply Best Price Fusidine/ Fusidic Acid Powder CAS: 6990-06-3.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDiscount 950mm Standard Bucket for 12t Excavator), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Supply 99% Purity Anesthetic Procaine Base HCl CAS: 51-05-8. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motordemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid GABA CAS: 56-12-2 with Best Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Lidocaine Benzocaine Tetracaine Procaine HCl CAS 51-05-8 100% Safety Delivery(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale New Women's Riding Casual Golf Fitting Long-Sleeve Shirt.
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Cost model for variable-Hot Sale Professional Loudspeaker PRO Audio
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,N- , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Top Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality and Purity Raw Material Supplier Xylazine HCl CAS 23076-35-9 with Best Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Active Line Array Loudspeaker Low Frequency Coaxial 12-Inch Neodymium Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Event. Moreover,Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Dual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub System), maintenance (Power Amplifier Module Board + Made in China 400 Watt AMP), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual 18 Subwoofer Speaker with 12 Inch Audio Professional Kas Line Array), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2.Infiltration Anesthesia Pharmaceutical Grade Levobupivacaine Powder Free Sample.Top Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK, Montreal. 265 pp. [Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box]
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Safe Delivery Anesthesia Injection Tiletamine Xylazine Pure Powder 14176-50-2, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture]
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USBM. 1987.Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6,Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Rubber Accelerator Pre-Dispersed Masterbatch Tmtd-80]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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