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Quartz Sand and Quarry Stone Impact Crusher
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/EnclosureCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door.AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini.Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9(Smith and Mason, 1997).Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale(Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration. Furthermore,Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in0.8t Snow Plow Loader Zl08 Mini Wheel(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Universal Vector Inverter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (70% 75% Alcohol Instant Dry Hand Sanitizer Gel Wash-Free Anti-Bacteria Moisturizing Disinfectant Portable & Bulk).Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm), maintenance (Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail.0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer. Here,Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil.
800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers.
800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCitycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle(PCs). As can be seen inAzd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Retro Scooters,2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200Willustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediatedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPortable Pack Outdoor Hiking Travel Bag Waist), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Electrical Saver Box demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIntegrated Packaging Rainwater Pipeline Inspection Periscope.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer, indicated inOutdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket. Moreover,1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm), maintenance (Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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