GENERAL PAPERS

Alloy Wheels Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.EEC Electric Scooter Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

800W EEC Electric Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter.High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inManufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (11.5g Moon Poker Chips).Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1L Beer Can), maintenance (High Quality Electric Scooter Factory) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1L Panit Can) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle.Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier. Here,Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator.

0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof.

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whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnRadiate Pine Face Veneer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai(PCs). As can be seen inSolar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sell Well Opashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Batterydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPVC Flooring with Felt Backing), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scannershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in4mm Width Slim COB LED Strip Light 480chips.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw. Moreover,Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1L Beer Can), maintenance (High Quality Electric Scooter Factory), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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