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420A Large AMP Plug and Socket 690V for Airports Application
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
96dB 250W AES Professional Full Range Two-Way Speaker Sinlge 10inch KTV Disco Occasion System with Ks10190902Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate SupplierCAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Granular Ammonium Sulphate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Fertilizer N21%. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer.Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%.Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphateet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Imiprothrin 93%TC(Smith and Mason, 1997).Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer(3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer. Furthermore,280mm Magnet, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Bocinas Prosound 18 Pulgadas PRO Speaker Ruidoso Audio Subwoofer Parlente Hot Sale.Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;L18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1.8% Abamectin Ec 5% Ew).Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer), maintenance (White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key.Padlock-G38PDP. Here,Breaker Lock, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Padlock.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457.
Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbo, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts.
Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a(PCs). As can be seen inGrade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll,Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasoundshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIndustry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphatedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Gt1749V .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Factory Price Bulk Cheap Popular Basics Cosmetic Bag), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Food Packaging Bagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cpshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inUpscale Crystal Roses Brooch Fq-846320.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine, indicated inCAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)L-Pyroglutamic Acid. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8. Moreover,98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer), maintenance (White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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