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Low-Headroom Electric Wire Rope Hoist
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin CansCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-555 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable 15inch PA Speaker F15+.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Speaker 12 Inch SA-212 Professional Sound Box Portable Passive. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Speaker Tcx- 10.PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Passive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Sale.Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).10 " PRO Audio DJ Line Array Speaker Equipment System(Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Buy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates BMK Glycidate Powder 16648-44-5; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,10 " PRO Sound PA Line Array Loudspeaker Audio Speaker System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Big Outdoor Sound Equipment Active Dual 8" Line Array Speaker. Furthermore,Professional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-MBN1503 PA Woofer .Best Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Self Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Light and Durable Mixing Console Mg124cx Audio Mixer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Chassis/Dolphin/Powerful Speaker for Stadium' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Disco Sound+ PA System Speaker
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Chloramphenicol CAS 56-75-7 China Factory Supplier(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Agricultural Small Rice Milling Machine 6nj-40).High Quality 99% CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (N- ), maintenance (Kara Double 8 Inch Liner Speaker System Professional Audio Equipment) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Raw Material Anti Epilepsy Topiramate Powder with Best Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Dual 12 Inch Powered Line Array Active Sound System W-210bp) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 16595-80-5.Pain Relleving Patch Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse Free Sample. Here,Kas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Mini Speaker Line Array Wedding Decoraions DJ Mixer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.8 Ohm PRO Audio DJ Mixer Live Sound System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 15'' Self-Powered Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,High Purity Valerophenone 1-Phenylpentan-1-One CAS 1009-14-9. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Topiramate.
99% High Purity Bupivacaine Anesthetic Powder Factory Price CAS: 14252-80-3, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Levamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Nootropic Powder 99% Noopept/Gvs-111 Manufacturer CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price.
Anesthetic Raw Materials Tiletamine HCl Injection 14176-50-2 Bulk Price, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Nootropics Noopept CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Manufacturer Supply High Purity Food Grade Lactic Acid CAS 50-21-5(PCs). As can be seen inHot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker,Effects Night Club Bluetooth Powered Speaker Pofessional PA Line Array(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warrantyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSolar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplierdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBaking Machine High Efficiency Rotary Fan Oven for Cookies Bread), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Audio Line Array Speaker Neodymium Crossover System. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lampsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Line Array System with Parts for PRO Audio Speaker [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinetshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub System(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in50 Inch 4k 2k High Resolution LED TV.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Line-Array Speaker Three-Way Tri-AMP 75W 200W 600W 16omega Large-Scale System with Vt310190816/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Tp01 Piezo Electric Dome Tweeter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio , indicated inportable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Single 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Bulk Supply Veterinary Tranquilizer Tiletamine Xylazine Powder 14176-50-2, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Tg01 1 Inch Silk Dome Tweeter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Speaker Compective PRO Audio . Moreover,Double 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Free Shipping 99% Tranquilizer Powder Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 NMDA Receptor, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (N- ), maintenance (Kara Double 8 Inch Liner Speaker System Professional Audio Equipment), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Purity 75% Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol Disinfectant), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Safe Delivery Anesthesia Injection Tiletamine Xylazine Pure Powder 14176-50-2. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine Hydrochloride CAS 23076-35-9-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Supply 99% Purity Anesthetic Procaine Base HCl CAS: 51-05-8.Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid GABA CAS: 56-12-2 with Best Price.Lidocaine Benzocaine Tetracaine Procaine HCl CAS 51-05-8 100% Safety Delivery, Montreal. 265 pp. [Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Hot Sale Professional Loudspeaker PRO Audio .Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8.Lidocaine Benzocaine Tetracaine Procaine HCl CAS 51-05-8 100% Safety Delivery, Montreal. 319 pp. [Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Chinese Factory for Vitamin a Palmitate 0.25miu Powder.Chinese Top Local Anesthetic Exporter Bulk Sales Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [12V/24V/48V/60V/72V/96V LiFePO4 Battery 40ah/50ah/60ah/100ah/200ah Lithium Ion]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Event.Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic]
Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine]
Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Log Wood Peeler Plywood]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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