GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PASoftel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Speaker with Laser Light .XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights.L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5(Smith and Mason, 1997).100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4(Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Phena, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4. Furthermore,18" Fane Style Aluminum Speaker Frame, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame.Professional Stage Active Line Array Speaker with DSP(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Wholesales Veterinary Drugs Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 USA Warehouse, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frame' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Fast Delivery 1, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Speaker Box F12+(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Building Material 304 316 Stainless Steel Round Pipe for Decoration).Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (15'' Coaxial Speaker ), maintenance (Customs Guaranteed 1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Manufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro.99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6. Here,China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakers(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Dare Dual 8" Neodymium Active Line Array Set PA System.

12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Active Mini Line Array Speaker with DSP Amplifier Module.

Quality Certified Product Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK Powder, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0(PCs). As can be seen inLoudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone,Chinese Manufacturer Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates16648-44-5 BMK White Powder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatoryillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.50 to 60 Hz Frequency Convertershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCarb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywooddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWholesale Factory Price Latest Design LCD Digital Big Curvedt Screen Home Television HD 65 Inch Smart Android LED TV), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,99% BMK White Powder Glycidate Bulk Sales CAS: 16648-44-5[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Powershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.99% 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 100% Pass Customs(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSulphur Dyestuff Black Br 200% CAS 1326 -82-5.

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Cost model for variable-62442 Shiny and Non Phena Powder 62 44 2

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker, indicated in99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Portable 15inch PA Speaker F15+, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Speaker 12 Inch SA-212 Professional Sound Box Portable Passive. Moreover,Speaker Tcx- 10, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (15'' Coaxial Speaker ), maintenance (Customs Guaranteed 1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Passive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,10 " PRO Audio DJ Line Array Speaker Equipment System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Fast Delivery.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional ManufacturerCorresponding author