GENERAL PAPERS

Dust Collector for Granite WeldingCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327(220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0. Furthermore,Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset.Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGt1749V (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Germany Design Full Automatic Concrete Paving Block Making Machine Brick).Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub), maintenance (Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827. Here,Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Ammonium Polyphosphate . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste.

High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.

Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnEmbossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine(PCs). As can be seen inAuto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheelillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acidshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileJwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decorationdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPink Lemonade 300 Puffs 5% Nicotine Salt Minibar Vape E Cigarette), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHighlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Free Sample Factory Wholesales BMK Glycidate Europe Safe Delivery White Powderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.6 Cyl Head and Rotor (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Adult Diapers Manufacturers in Bulk.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Pigment/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, indicated inChinese Top Factory Shipping Guaranteed BMK White Powder Fast Delivery CAS: 16648-44-5, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic. Moreover,Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub), maintenance (Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Endless Pool-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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