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Silver Beads
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV AntennasCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike.Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid(Khalesiet al.,2015).
800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale.Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults(Smith and Mason, 1997).Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz(Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home. Furthermore,Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid.800W Electric Scooter (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric Motorcycle
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Professional Precision Progressive Metal Stamping Die).Electric Motorcycle .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Electric Motorcycle ), maintenance (Electric Motorcycle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Electric Motorcycle .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container.2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids. Here,Electric Motorcycles , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader.
500W EEC Electric scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Solar Electric Motorcycle, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K.
OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnNew Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer(PCs). As can be seen in3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz,Electric Motorcycle (CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scootersillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scootershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,EEC Electric Scooter .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Design Waterproof Computer USB Charging Port Laptop Bag Backpack), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Moduledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywoodshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.800W EEC Electric Motorcycle(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inShenzhen Factory Simple Cabinet Concert Show P3 RGB LED Screen.
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Cost model for variable-No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw, indicated inNitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw. Moreover,1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Electric Motorcycle ), maintenance (Electric Motorcycle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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