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Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HPCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 GlycidateWholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powder(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Portable 15inch PA Speaker F15+. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7.Speaker 12 Inch SA-212 Professional Sound Box Portable Passive(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Speaker Tcx- 10.PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7(Smith and Mason, 1997).Passive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Sale(55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10 " PRO Audio DJ Line Array Speaker Equipment System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Buy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates BMK Glycidate Powder 16648-44-5. Furthermore,10 " PRO Sound PA Line Array Loudspeaker Audio Speaker System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Big Outdoor Sound Equipment Active Dual 8" Line Array Speaker.Professional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.MBN1503 PA Woofer . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Best Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGood Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Self Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Kara Line Array Speakers Double 8 Inch Concert

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Disco Sound+ PA System Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Crystal Ashtray / Cigarette Glass with Bamboo Base).99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Fast Delivery.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Chloramphenicol CAS 56-75-7 China Factory Supplier), maintenance (High Quality 99% CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,N- .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Kara Double 8 Inch Liner Speaker System Professional Audio Equipment) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Raw Material Anti Epilepsy Topiramate Powder with Best Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Dual 12 Inch Powered Line Array Active Sound System W-210bp.High Quality CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl. Here,Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 16595-80-5, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pain Relleving Patch Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse Free Sample.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Kas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mini Speaker Line Array Wedding Decoraions DJ Mixer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,8 Ohm PRO Audio DJ Mixer Live Sound System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 15'' Self-Powered Speaker.

High Purity Valerophenone 1-Phenylpentan-1-One CAS 1009-14-9, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Topiramate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

99% High Purity Bupivacaine Anesthetic Powder Factory Price CAS: 14252-80-3, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3.

Levamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnNootropic Powder 99% Noopept/Gvs-111 Manufacturer CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Anesthetic Raw Materials Tiletamine HCl Injection 14176-50-2 Bulk Price(PCs). As can be seen inoff Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warrantydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChristmas Animals Santa Claus Plush Toy), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFlame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phonedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Kara Dual 8 Inch Line Array Speakekr with 3 Compressiond Driver Unit PRO Audio Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lampsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Professional Audio Line Array Speaker Neodymium Crossover System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWokaite Customized 1.5m Lifting Pulling Hand Tools Lever Chain Hoist Block Hsh-C 1.5ton with Ce Certification.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Power Amplifier Module Board + Made in China 400 Watt AMP; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Single 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Bulk Supply Veterinary Tranquilizer Tiletamine Xylazine Powder 14176-50-2. Moreover,Tg01 1 Inch Silk Dome Tweeter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Speaker Compective PRO Audio , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Chloramphenicol CAS 56-75-7 China Factory Supplier), maintenance (High Quality 99% CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Double 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Free Shipping 99% Tranquilizer Powder Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 NMDA Receptor, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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