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20oz 30oz Insulated Vacuum Tumbler Cold Cup
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Powered Speaker System for Home Theater. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality.320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol.Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Polyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4(Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System. Furthermore,Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx.Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Spts
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Oft Brand2008 Honda Civic Serpentine Belt S8m).Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array), maintenance (PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery.Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag. Here,Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol.
Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient.
Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder(PCs). As can be seen inSuper Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Blackshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Playerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inExperienced 0.40 Inch Dual Digit 14 Segment SMD LED Display Chinese Supplier), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromOutdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packagingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M Fshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNature Series Artificial Engineered Quartz Stone for Vanity Top /Island/ Benchtop.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth , indicated inThe New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer. Moreover,Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array), maintenance (PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Lashgari, A.High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price, A.R. 2013.Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G,KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Pink Party Prom Dresses Beaded Sexy Sheer Lace Long Bridesmaid Evening Dress]
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014]
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Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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